Chronic diseases including diabetes and Hypertensive heart diseases
Autoimmune conditions, particularly anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome.
Infections such as Malaria, STIs and UTI
Exposure to environmental contaminants, including arsenic, lead, and organic solvents.
Structural uterine abnormalities, such as congenital anomalies
Cervical incompetence
Uterine masses such as leiomyoma
Intrauterine adhesions and scars
Chromosomal anomalies
